Fireworks are an essential part of celebrations and commemorations. From the United States’ Independence Day to New Year’s fireworks in Rome, it is common to see fireworks used to mark special occasions. In Korea, large-scale fireworks festivals, such as the Seoul International Fireworks Festival and the Busan Fireworks Festival, are held annually. However, many would be surprised to learn that fireworks can harm not just people but also animals and the environment.
Colorful fireworks have been used as entertainment to celebrate special days since ancient times. It is believed that the first fireworks in history originated in ancient China in the 2nd century BC when gunpowder-filled bamboo tubes were used as bombs. By the 10th century, paper fuses were introduced, and firecrackers began to be used in various festivals and celebrations. Afterward, fireworks spread to Europe through Arab traders. In Europe, they became popular at royal birthday celebrations, establishing their role to mark joyful occasions.
Modern fireworks display various colors, thanks to the discovery that different metal elements produce specific flame colors during combustion. Large fireworks with diameters of several meters are created using specialized shells. These rise over 100 meters by burning propellants that release gas. After a set time, the fuse ignites the core, triggering an explosion that creates a brilliant display.
The powerful light and loud noise produced by fireworks pose a significant threat to animals. In fact, during the 2021 New Year’s fireworks in Rome, hundreds of birds suddenly died due to the shock from the fireworks. These birds, which migrate between Africa and Europe, were frightened by the noise and perished. Moreover, fireworks have a devastating impact on the reproduction of wildlife. In Spain, the success rate of bird reproduction decreased due to fireworks festivals, and in Chile, the breeding season of South American sea lions was drastically altered. As wildlife reproduction declines, their population can significantly decrease, potentially leading to species endangerment.
Fireworks also contribute to pollution and litter. Following the Seoul Fireworks Festival held in October 2024, the concentration of fine dust in nearby areas was over 30 times higher in certain spots. Since fireworks generate light through chemical reactions that burn various substances in the air, they release toxic chemicals such as nitrogen dioxide and nitrogen oxides. Additionally, waste materials from fireworks, such as the shells wrapping the gunpowder, contribute to marine pollution. Seabirds often mistake plastic shell casings for food, leading to the creation of microplastics.
Since fireworks present various risks to the animals, environment and humans, many scientists are working on safer alternatives. Disney World uses gunpowder-free propellants to host four large firework displays daily. Experts also see drone light shows as an effective alternative to fireworks. These shows use hundreds of drones with LED lights to create 3D shapes and various colors, without the loud explosions. The search for “safe” light, instead of the “dangerous” light of fireworks, continues.
